PCC1 selectively eliminates senescent cells by inducing apoptosis.
Nat Metab. 2021 Dec;3(12):1706-1726
HUVECs
100 µM
3 days
PCC1 selectively eliminates senescent cells by inducing apoptosis.
Nat Metab. 2021 Dec;3(12):1706-1726
HT22 cells
5 and 10 µM
12 hours
To evaluate the preventive effect of PC-1 against glutamate-induced apoptosis in HT22 cells. Results showed that PC-1 significantly reduced glutamate-induced chromatin condensation and the number of annexin V-positive cells.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan 2;20(1):142
RAW 264.7 macrophages
10 and 100 µM
2 hours pretreatment followed by 24 hours LPS stimulation
To evaluate the inhibitory effect of Procyanidin C1 on LPS-induced inflammatory responses. Results showed that Procyanidin C1 significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production and the expression of iNOS and COX-2.
Molecules. 2023 Mar 20;28(6):2813
Human nucleus pulposus cells
10, 20, 40 µM
24 hours
PCC1 pretreatment significantly improved cell viability and reversed acidic pH stress-induced changes in extracellular matrix metabolism.
J Transl Med. 2024 Nov 27;22(1):1071
RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line
50 µM
24 hours
To evaluate the senolytic and anti-inflammatory effects of PCC1 on senescent cells. Results showed that PCC1 significantly reduced β-galactosidase-positive cells, decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels, and induced apoptosis in senescent cells.
NPJ Aging. 2025 May 2;11(1):31
HT22 cells
5 and 10 µM
24 hours
To assess the neuroprotective effects of PC-1 against glutamate-induced HT22 cell death. Results showed that PC-1 significantly reduced glutamate-induced cell death.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan 2;20(1):142
Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) larvae
50.4 µg/mL (41.0–62.9)
24 hours
Evaluate the anthelmintic activity of Procyanidin C1 against whipworm larvae, showing significant activity in the unfermented state.
Front Pharmacol. 2024 Jul 22;15:1390500
HCT116
5 µM and 10 µM
24, 48, and 72 hours
PCC1 inhibited CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by suppressing miR-501-3p and upregulating HIGD1A expression
J Adv Res. 2024 Jun;60:215-231
DLD1
5 µM and 10 µM
24, 48, and 72 hours
PCC1 inhibited CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by suppressing miR-501-3p and upregulating HIGD1A expression
J Adv Res. 2024 Jun;60:215-231
WI38 cells
100 µM
3 days
PCC1 selectively eliminates senescent cells by inducing apoptosis.
Nat Metab. 2021 Dec;3(12):1706-1726
PSC27 cells
50 µM
3 days
PCC1 selectively eliminates senescent cells by inducing apoptosis and exacerbating mitochondrial stress.
Nat Metab. 2021 Dec;3(12):1706-1726
INS-1 cells
12.5–50 µM
48 hours
Procyanidin C1 dose-dependently increased cell viability and decreased ROS accumulation in H2O2-treated β-cells.
Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2016 Aug;37(8):1083-90
HT22 cells
5 and 10 µM
6 hours
To evaluate the effect of PC-1 on Nrf2 nuclear translocation and HO-1 expression. Results showed that PC-1 significantly increased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and expression of HO-1.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan 2;20(1):142
Na+,K+-ATPase
4.5 µM
6 minutes
To investigate the inhibitory effect of Procyanidin C1 on Na+,K+-ATPase, results showed an IC50 of 4.5 µM.
Sci Rep. 2022 Apr 29;12(1):7011
Caenorhabditis elegans (L4)
170 µg/mL (196.2 µM)
72 hours
Evaluate the anthelmintic activity of Procyanidin C1 against C. elegans, showing significantly reduced activity after fermentation.
Front Pharmacol. 2024 Jul 22;15:1390500
Hookworm larvae
60.9 µg/mL (46.7–80.6)
72 hours
Evaluate the anthelmintic activity of Procyanidin C1 against hookworm larvae, showing significant activity in the unfermented state.
Front Pharmacol. 2024 Jul 22;15:1390500
HT22 cells
5 and 10 µM
8 hours
To assess the effect of PC-1 on glutamate-induced MAPK activation. Results showed that PC-1 significantly reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan 2;20(1):142
HT22 cells
5 and 10 µM
8 hours
To assess the effect of PC-1 on glutamate-induced intracellular ROS accumulation. Results showed that PC-1 almost completely blocked the glutamate-induced increase in ROS.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan 2;20(1):142
Procyanidin C1/原花青素 C1 动物实验
Species
Animal Model
Administration
Dosage
Frequency
Description
References
NSG mice
Peritoneal metastasis model
Intraperitoneal injection
20 mg/kg
Every 2 days for 60 days
Evaluate the inhibitory effect of Procyanidin C1 combined with 5-FU on peritoneal metastasis, results showed combined treatment significantly inhibited peritoneal metastasis and prolonged survival
Clin Transl Med. 2023 Nov;13(11):e1481
Mice
NOD-SCID mice
Intraperitoneal injection
20 mg/kg
Biweekly for 8 weeks
PCC1 significantly reduces tumor size and prolongs survival by clearing senescent cells and inhibiting SASP expression.
Nat Metab. 2021 Dec;3(12):1706-1726
NOD-SCID gamma (NSG) mice
Breast cancer and gastric cancer models
Intraperitoneal injection
20 mg/kg
Once daily for 20 days
Evaluate the inhibitory effect of PCC1 on matCAF and its impact on tumor growth
Clin Transl Med. 2023 Dec;13(12):e1516
BALB/c nude mice
CRC cell xenograft model
Intraperitoneal injection
20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg
Once every 3 days
PCC1 significantly inhibited tumor growth and metastasis by modulating the miR-501-3p/HIGD1A axis
J Adv Res. 2024 Jun;60:215-231
Zebrafish
Parkinson's disease model
Water bath
25 µM
4 days
To evaluate the protective effect of Procyanidin C1 on the zebrafish Parkinson's disease model. The results showed that 25 μM Procyanidin C1 significantly improved the exercise capacity of zebrafish, reduced the damage to dopaminergic neurons, and upregulated the expression of Nrf2, NQO1, and HO-1 genes.
Molecules. 2022 Aug 6;27(15):5007
C57BL/6J male mice
Aged mouse model
Oral
3.2 mg/kg/day
Once daily for 4 months
To assess the geroprotective effects of PCC1 on the hematopoietic immune system in aged mice. Results demonstrated that PCC1 significantly improved grip strength, reduced senescent cell burden, suppressed inflammatory responses, and restored immune homeostasis.
NPJ Aging. 2025 May 2;11(1):31
Mice
Natural aging model (18-20 months old)
Oral (diet mixture)
8 mg/kg (mixed in standard diet)
Continued for 4 months
PCC1 reversed structural and functional decline in aged retina by clearing senescent cells and inhibiting SASP
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Apr 30;121(18):e2311028121
Sprague-Dawley rats
Tail disc degeneration model
Intraperitoneal injection
8 mg/kg/day
Once daily for 8 weeks
PCC1 treatment significantly alleviated histopathological changes of intervertebral disc degeneration and preserved the extracellular matrix of nucleus pulposus cells.
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