VA pretreatment significantly enhanced the growth and biomass accumulation of tomato seedlings under drought stress, improved photosynthetic pigment content, water status, and proline content, while modulating the antioxidant defense system, reducing ROS generation and cellular membrane damage.
Plants (Basel). 2024 Nov 5;13(22):3114
Bovine oocytes
2 µM
22–24 hours
Low VA concentration (2 µM) during IVM significantly enhanced the total number of cleaved embryos (84 ±1.58% vs. 75.8 ±2.20% for control; p < 0.05) without affecting the rates of 8–16 cell-stage embryos and day-8 blastocyst development. High VA concentrations (above 2 µM) significantly reduced all developmental parameters.
Nutrients. 2023 May 10;15(10):2257
Human colon cancer HCT116 cells
30 µM
24 hours
Inhibited HIF-1α protein expression without affecting cell viability
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan 22;20(3):465
C2C12 myoblasts
10 µM and 100 µM
24 hours
Vanillic acid inhibited the expression of proteolytic markers (Fbxo32, Trim63, and Myostatin) and increased myofiber diameter in CT26 CM-treated C2C12 myoblasts.
Commun Biol. 2025 Apr 9;8(1):585
B16BL6 melanoma cells
0.01–1 µM
24 hours
Evaluated the cytotoxicity of VA on B16BL6 melanoma cells, finding that 0.01–1 μM of VA does not affect cell viability.
Biomolecules. 2020 Jul 24;10(8):1098
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs)
5 μg/ml
24 hours
To evaluate the effect of vanillic acid on FLSs viability, results showed no significant effect on cell viability at 5 μg/ml.
Front Pharmacol. 2021 Feb 15;11:599022
HT22 cells
50, 100, 200 µM
24 hours
To evaluate the protective effects of vanillic acid against Aβ1-42-induced cytotoxicity. Results showed that vanillic acid significantly increased HT22 cell viability and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 18;7:40753
PC12 cells
10-20 µM
24 hours
To evaluate the protective effect of vanillic acid on corticosterone-induced PC12 cell injury. Results showed that vanillic acid significantly improved cell viability and reduced LDH release rate.
ACS Omega. 2024 Sep 23;9(39):40456-40467
H9c2 cells
50–200 µM
3 hours
Vanillic acid attenuated H2O2-induced injury in H9c2 cells by regulating mitophagy via the PINK1/Parkin/Mfn2 signaling pathway, reducing the production of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, increasing the levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione, and improving mitochondrial membrane potential polarization and cellular calcium levels.
Front Pharmacol. 2022 Sep 7;13:976156
RAW264.7 cells
25, 50, 100 μg/ml
4 hours
To investigate the effects of vanillic acid on LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 cells. Results showed that vanillic acid significantly inhibited the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, and iNOS, and exerted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
Inflammopharmacology. 2025 Apr;33(4):1949-1963
Vanillic acid/香草酸 动物实验
Species
Animal Model
Administration
Dosage
Frequency
Description
References
Nude mice
HCT116 xenografted tumor model
Oral
10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg
Three times a week for 50 days
Significantly inhibited tumor growth and reduced HIF-1α and VEGF protein expressions
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan 22;20(3):465
C57BL6/J mice
HFD-induced obese and B16BL6 melanoma-injected model
Oral gavage
10 mg/kg/day
Every other day for two weeks
Evaluated the effect of VA on a comorbidity model of obesity and melanoma, finding that VA reduced body weight and white adipose tissue weight by increasing thermogenesis and AMPK activation in WATs, while also suppressing cancer growth.
Biomolecules. 2020 Jul 24;10(8):1098
BALB/c mice
CT26 colon cancer-induced cachexia model
Oral
100 mg/kg
Five times per week for three weeks
Vanillic acid improved body weight loss, muscle atrophy, and serum inflammatory cytokine levels in CT26-induced cachectic mice and enhanced mitochondrial function by regulating SIRT3 and MFN1.
Commun Biol. 2025 Apr 9;8(1):585
Sprague-Dawley rats
Knee osteoarthritis model
Gastric intubation
30 mg/kg
Once daily for 42 days
To investigate the effect of vanillic acid on pain-related behavior in knee osteoarthritis rats, results showed VA significantly alleviated pain-related behavior and downregulated the expression of pain mediators CGRP, NGF, and TrkA.
Front Pharmacol. 2021 Feb 15;11:599022
C57BL/6N mice
Aβ1-42-induced Alzheimer's disease model
Intraperitoneal injection
30 mg/kg
Once daily for 3 weeks
To evaluate the protective effects of vanillic acid against Aβ1-42-induced oxidative stress and cognitive impairment. Results showed that vanillic acid significantly reduced ROS levels, improved cognitive function, and reduced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 18;7:40753
Mice
LPS-induced neurotoxicity model
Intraperitoneal injection
30 mg/kg/day
Once daily for 14 days
Vanillic acid significantly attenuated LPS-induced neuroinflammation, amyloidogenesis, synaptic dysfunction, and memory impairment by inhibiting the LPS/RAGE-mediated JNK signaling pathway
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 31;22(1):361
DBA/1 J mice
Collagen-induced arthritis model
Intraperitoneal injection
5, 10, 20 mg/kg/d
Once daily for 14 days
To investigate the therapeutic effects of vanillic acid on collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Results showed that vanillic acid significantly improved the clinical symptoms and bone destruction of arthritis, reduced pathological damage to ankle synovial and spleen tissue, and inhibited polarization of macrophages to M1 in the synovial tissue. Additionally, vanillic acid inhibited the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, and iNOS in CIA mice and LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, as well as the phosphorylation of p65, IκBα, ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPKs.
Inflammopharmacology. 2025 Apr;33(4):1949-1963
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. BARI Tomato-16)
Hydroponically grown tomato seedlings
Hydroponic solution pretreatment
50 µM
Pretreatment for 2 days followed by 4 days of drought stress
VA pretreatment significantly enhanced the growth and biomass accumulation of tomato seedlings under drought stress, improved photosynthetic pigment content, water status, and proline content, while modulating the antioxidant defense system, reducing ROS generation and cellular membrane damage.
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