β-Elemene is a natural sesquiterpene found in various plants and imparts floral aromas to some plants. This compound has been reported to inhibit the proliferation of a wide range of tumors.
Cell viability was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner.
Am J Cancer Res. 2021 Feb 1;11(2):370-388
SGC7901 human gastric cancer cells
30 μg/mL
18 hours
To evaluate the effect of β-elemene on the radiosensitivity of gastric cancer cells, results showed that β-elemene pretreatment decreased clonogenic survival
World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Sep 14;21(34):9945-56
MKN45 human gastric cancer cells
15 μg/mL
18 hours
To evaluate the effect of β-elemene on the radiosensitivity of gastric cancer cells, results showed that β-elemene pretreatment decreased clonogenic survival
World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Sep 14;21(34):9945-56
DBTRG-05MG cells
10 μg/mL
2 days
Induced senescence in glioma cells, with the percentage of SA-β-gal positive cells significantly increased to approximately 50%.
Am J Cancer Res. 2021 Feb 1;11(2):370-388
C6 cells
10 μg/mL
2 days
Induced senescence in glioma cells, including reduction of cell proliferation, hypertrophic morphology, increase of SA-β-Gal activity, upregulation of senescence-associated genes such as p16, p53 and NF-κB, and down-regulation of Lamin B1.
Am J Cancer Res. 2021 Feb 1;11(2):370-388
SPC-A-1 cells
120 μg/mL
24 hours
To evaluate the effect of β-Elemene on the expression of lysosomal biogenesis-related genes, results showed β-Elemene significantly upregulated mRNA expression of GLA, MCOLN1, and SLC26A11.
J Adv Res. 2024 Aug;62:257-272
NCI-H460 cells
120 μg/mL
24 hours
To investigate the effect of β-Elemene on TFEB activation and lysosomal function, results showed β-Elemene significantly increased lysosomal acidification and TFEB nuclear translocation.
J Adv Res. 2024 Aug;62:257-272
A549 cells
120 μg/mL
24 hours
To observe the effect of β-Elemene on TFEB activation and GPX4 lysosomal degradation, results showed β-Elemene significantly reduced TFEB phosphorylation, promoted its nuclear translocation, and increased GPX4 lysosomal degradation.
J Adv Res. 2024 Aug;62:257-272
HCT116p53−/− cells
40 μg/ml
24 hours
Β-Elemene significantly inhibited the proliferation of HCT116p53−/− cells and reversed their resistance to 5-Fu.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 May 8;8:378
Human hepatoma HepG2 cells
0.02, 0.04, 0.08 mg/mL
24 hours
To detect the effect of β-elemene on microtubule polymerization, results showed that β-elemene reduced microtubule polymerization in a dose-dependent manner.
Chin J Cancer Res. 2013 Dec;25(6):770-6
Human hepatoma HepG2 cells
0.02, 0.04, 0.08 mg/mL
24 hours
To detect the effect of β-elemene on α-tubulin mRNA expression, results showed that β-elemene down-regulated α-tubulin mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner.
Chin J Cancer Res. 2013 Dec;25(6):770-6
Human hepatoma HepG2 cells
0.02, 0.04, 0.08 mg/mL
24 hours
To detect the effect of β-elemene on HepG2 cell cycle, results showed that β-elemene induced cell cycle arrest at S phase in a dose-dependent manner.
Chin J Cancer Res. 2013 Dec;25(6):770-6
BV-2 cells
40 µM and 80 µM
24 hours
Β-Elemene promoted the transformation of BV-2 cells from M1-like to M2-like phenotype, inhibited inflammatory factor release, thereby reducing neuronal apoptosis.
Chin Med. 2024 Jun 15;19(1):86
NCI-H1650 cells
50 μg/ml
24 hours
To investigate the effect of β-elemene on the Warburg effect in NCI-H1650 cells and its mechanism. Results showed that β-elemene suppressed the Warburg effect by regulating the miR-301a-3p/AMPKα axis, as evidenced by decreased glucose and lactic acid levels and downregulation of metabolism-related enzymes (GLUT1, HK1, and LDHA).
Biosci Rep. 2020 Jun 26;40(6):BSR20194389
CaSki cells
0.18 mg/mL
24 hours
Evaluate the inhibitory effect of β-Elemene on CaSki cells, showing nearly 50% inhibition at 0.18 mg/mL
Int J Pharm X. 2024 Aug 13;8:100276
Hela cells
0.09 mg/mL
24 hours
Evaluate the inhibitory effect of β-Elemene on Hela cells, showing nearly 50% inhibition at 0.09 mg/mL
Int J Pharm X. 2024 Aug 13;8:100276
RAW 264 cells
10 μg/ml
24 hours
To study the inhibitory effect of β-Elemene on LPS-induced inflammatory response, results showed that β-Elemene significantly reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines.
Commun Biol. 2022 May 31;5(1):519
PP-CD11c+ DCs
1, 2, 5, 10 μg/mL
24 hours
To evaluate the effects of β-elemene on the expression of TGF-β1, RALDH2, integrin αvβ8, and IL-10 in PP DCs. Results showed that β-elemene significantly increased the expression of these molecules, indicating its role in promoting Tregs generation by modulating DCs function.
iScience. 2020 Nov 30;24(1):101883
MLN-CD11c+ DCs
1, 2, 5, 10 μg/mL
24 hours
To evaluate the effects of β-elemene on the expression of TGF-β1, RALDH2, integrin αvβ8, and IL-10 in MLN DCs. Results showed that β-elemene significantly increased the expression of these molecules, indicating its role in promoting Tregs generation by modulating DCs function.
iScience. 2020 Nov 30;24(1):101883
MAT SVCs
1, 2, 5, 10 μg/mL
24 hours
To evaluate the direct anti-inflammatory effects of β-elemene on SVCs from EAT and MAT of obese mice. Results showed that β-elemene had limited effects on LPS-induced inflammation in vitro, with significant effects only at high concentration (10 μg/mL) on CCL2 expression in MAT SVCs.
iScience. 2020 Nov 30;24(1):101883
EAT SVCs
1, 2, 5, 10 μg/mL
24 hours
To evaluate the direct anti-inflammatory effects of β-elemene on SVCs from EAT and MAT of obese mice. Results showed that β-elemene had limited effects on LPS-induced inflammation in vitro, with significant effects only at high concentration (10 μg/mL) on IL-1β, TGF-β1, and IL-10 expression in EAT SVCs.
iScience. 2020 Nov 30;24(1):101883
NRK49F cells
5-20 µM
24 hours
Β-elemene inhibited TGF-β-induced fibroblast activation and expression of fiber markers in a dose-dependent manner
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 May 16;23(10):5553
NCI-H1650 cells
3 μg/mL
24 hours
To evaluate the effect of β-elemene on the survival and apoptosis of NCI-H1650 cells. Results showed that β-elemene significantly reduced cell viability and promoted apoptosis.
Am J Cancer Res. 2022 Apr 15;12(4):1535-1555
A549 cells
3 μg/mL
24 hours
To evaluate the effect of β-elemene on the survival and apoptosis of A549 cells. Results showed that β-elemene significantly reduced cell viability and promoted apoptosis.
Β-Elemene significantly up-regulated C3orf21 expression and inhibited cell proliferation, wound healing, and invasion
Front Oncol. 2021 May 7;11:571476
A549 cells
10 µg/ml
24 hours
Β-Elemene significantly up-regulated C3orf21 expression and inhibited cell proliferation, wound healing, and invasion
Front Oncol. 2021 May 7;11:571476
Human hepatoma HepG2 cells
0.1, 0.08, 0.06, 0.04, 0.02, 0.01 mg/mL
24, 48, 72 hours
To evaluate the inhibitory effect of β-elemene on HepG2 cell proliferation, results showed that β-elemene inhibited HepG2 cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner.
Chin J Cancer Res. 2013 Dec;25(6):770-6
MCAS cells
20-200 µg/ml
24, 48, 72, and 96 hours
To evaluate the antiproliferative effect of β-elemene on MCAS cells, showing IC50 values between 60 and 78 µg/ml.
Int J Oncol. 2013 Sep;43(3):721-8
A2780/CP70 cells
20-200 µg/ml
24, 48, 72, and 96 hours
To evaluate the antiproliferative effect of β-elemene on A2780/CP70 cells, showing IC50 values at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 80, 70, 68, and 65 µg/ml, respectively.
Int J Oncol. 2013 Sep;43(3):721-8
A2780 cells
20-200 µg/ml
24, 48, 72, and 96 hours
To evaluate the antiproliferative effect of β-elemene on A2780 cells, showing IC50 values at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 65, 65, 65, and 60 µg/ml, respectively.
Int J Oncol. 2013 Sep;43(3):721-8
H1299 cells
2 mg/mL
24, 48, and 72 hours
To evaluate the effects of β-Elemene on proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy in NSCLC cells. Results showed that β-Elemene significantly inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation and induced autophagy and apoptosis.
J Pharm Anal. 2024 Sep;14(9):100961
A549 cells
2 mg/mL
24, 48, and 72 hours
To evaluate the effects of β-Elemene on proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy in NSCLC cells. Results showed that β-Elemene significantly inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation and induced autophagy and apoptosis.
J Pharm Anal. 2024 Sep;14(9):100961
PC9 cells
5-60 μg/ml
24-72 hours
Β-Elemene inhibited PC9 cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with a maximal dose of 40 μg/ml observed at 48 hrs.
J Cell Mol Med. 2015 Mar;19(3):630-41
A549 cells
5-60 μg/ml
24-72 hours
Β-Elemene inhibited A549 cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with a maximal dose of 40 μg/ml observed at 48 hrs. Additionally, β-Elemene significantly increased the proportion of cells at G0/G1 phase while reducing the proportion at S phase, indicating cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase.
J Cell Mol Med. 2015 Mar;19(3):630-41
Primary human airway granulation fibroblasts (PHAGF)
160 µg/mL
48 hours
Inhibits PHAGF proliferation and induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by down-regulating the ILK/Akt pathway
Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2021 Jun 12;26(1):28
THLE2 cells
100 µg/mL
48 hours
Β-Elemene showed no significant inhibition on the proliferation of normal hepatocytes THLE2.
Endocr Relat Cancer. 2019 Feb;26(2):187-199
MHH-ES-1 cells
47.86 µg/mL (IC50)
48 hours
Β-Elemene significantly inhibited the proliferation of MHH-ES-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner.
Endocr Relat Cancer. 2019 Feb;26(2):187-199
A673 cells
38.02 µg/mL (IC50)
48 hours
Β-Elemene significantly inhibited the proliferation of A673 cells in a dose-dependent manner.
Endocr Relat Cancer. 2019 Feb;26(2):187-199
SU-DHL-10 cells
60 μg/ml
48 hours
To evaluate the effect of β-elemene on apoptosis of DLBCL cells, the results showed that β-elemene significantly up-regulated Bax expression and down-regulated Bcl-2 expression.
Biosci Rep. 2020 Feb 28;40(2):BSR20190804
SU-DHL-8 cells
60 μg/ml
48 hours
To evaluate the effect of β-elemene on apoptosis of DLBCL cells, the results showed that β-elemene significantly up-regulated Bax expression and down-regulated Bcl-2 expression.
Biosci Rep. 2020 Feb 28;40(2):BSR20190804
MHCCLM3
60 μg/mL
48 hours
Β-Elemene combined with oxaliplatin significantly enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of oxaliplatin by upregulating CTR1 expression, increasing intracellular platinum accumulation.
Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 12;6:21010
Huh7
60 μg/mL
48 hours
Β-Elemene combined with oxaliplatin significantly enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of oxaliplatin by upregulating CTR1 expression, increasing intracellular platinum accumulation.
Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 12;6:21010
Hep3B
60 μg/mL
48 hours
Β-Elemene combined with oxaliplatin significantly enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of oxaliplatin by upregulating CTR1 expression, increasing intracellular platinum accumulation.
Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 12;6:21010
MHCC97H
60 μg/mL
48 hours
Β-Elemene enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of oxaliplatin by upregulating the expression of copper transporter 1 (CTR1), increasing intracellular platinum accumulation and platinum-DNA adduct formation, thereby enhancing oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis.
Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 12;6:21010
Tca-8113-CDDP cells
40 μg/ml
48 hours
To explore the sensitizing effect of β-Ele on cisplatin-resistant OSCC cells. The results showed that β-Ele significantly enhanced the chemosensitivity to cisplatin in Tca-8113-CDDP cells.
Cancer Cell Int. 2022 Jul 31;22(1):244
Tca-8113 cells
0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 μg/ml
48 hours
To evaluate the anti-proliferative effect of β-Ele on OSCC cells. The results showed that β-Ele suppressed the growth and proliferation of Tca-8113 and Tca-8113-CDDP cells in dose-dependent manners.
Cancer Cell Int. 2022 Jul 31;22(1):244
Primary human airway granulation fibroblasts
40, 80, 120, 160 μg/ml
48 hours
Β-Elemene had a dose–responsive inhibitive effect on the proliferation of human airway granulation fibroblasts and didn’t affect normal human airway fibroblasts.
Biosci Rep. 2018 Apr 13;38(2):BSR20171386
AGS/IR cells
100 mg/L
48 hours
To evaluate the effect of β-Elemene on radiosensitivity, results showed that β-Elemene significantly inhibited cell growth and enhanced ferroptosis.
Front Pharmacol. 2024 Oct 17;15:1469180
MKN-45/IR cells
100 mg/L
48 hours
To evaluate the effect of β-Elemene on radiosensitivity, results showed that β-Elemene significantly inhibited cell growth and enhanced ferroptosis.
Front Pharmacol. 2024 Oct 17;15:1469180
MCF-7 cells
5, 10, 20 and 40 µM
48 hours
Β-Elemene at concentrations below 40 μmol/L did not inhibit the viability of MCF-7 cells but significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion.
J Cell Mol Med. 2019 Oct;23(10):6846-6858
MDA-MB-231 cells
5, 10, 20 and 40 µM
48 hours
Β-Elemene at concentrations below 40 μmol/L did not inhibit the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells but significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion.
J Cell Mol Med. 2019 Oct;23(10):6846-6858
Pancreatic cancer peritoneum effusion cells
0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 µM
72 hours
Β-Elemene suppressed the proliferation of pancreatic cancer peritoneum effusion cells in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 15.80±0.63 and 14.86±0.69 µM.
Oncol Rep. 2019 Dec;42(6):2561-2571
BxPC3 cells
0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 µM
72 hours
Β-Elemene suppressed the proliferation of BxPC3 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 17.36±1.25 µM.
Oncol Rep. 2019 Dec;42(6):2561-2571
PANC-1 cells
0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 µM
72 hours
Β-Elemene suppressed the proliferation of PANC-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 6.94±0.86 µM.
Oncol Rep. 2019 Dec;42(6):2561-2571
β-Elemene/β-榄香烯 动物实验
Species
Animal Model
Administration
Dosage
Frequency
Description
References
Nude mice
Subcutaneous tumor model
Gavage
0.2 mL per administration
36 days
To evaluate the inhibitory effect of β-Elemene combined with radiotherapy on tumor growth, results showed that the combination therapy significantly inhibited tumor growth.
Front Pharmacol. 2024 Oct 17;15:1469180
C57BL/6J neonatal mice
Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model
Intravitreal injection
0.25 mg/ml (1 µl)
Single injection, lasting 5 days (P12-P17)
Β-Elemene reduced retinal neovascularization by upregulating miR-27a expression, leading to decreased VEGF expression.
Mol Med Rep. 2019 Mar;19(3):2307-2316
BALB/c nude mice
HCT116p53−/− xenograft model
Intraperitoneal injection
100 mg/kg/d
Once daily for 24 days
Β-Elemene significantly inhibited the growth of HCT116p53?/? xenograft tumors and enhanced the anti-tumor effect of 5-Fu.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 May 8;8:378
BALB/C nude mice
Glioma xenograft model
Intraperitoneal injection
100 mg/kg/d
Once daily for 23 days
Β-Elemene treatment induced senescence in glioma cells through inactivation of YAP-CDK6 signaling pathway, which inhibited glioma growth.
Am J Cancer Res. 2021 Feb 1;11(2):370-388
NOD/SCID mice
Orthotopic non-small cell lung cancer model
Tail vein injection
120 mg/kg
Once daily for 21 days
To evaluate the antitumor effect of β-Elemene in TFEB knockout mice, results showed TFEB knockout attenuated the inhibitory effect of β-Elemene on tumor growth.
J Adv Res. 2024 Aug;62:257-272
New Zealand white rabbits
Rabbit model of tracheal stenosis
Local endotracheal injection
160 µg/mL
Once a week for one week
Inhibits airway granulation tissue hyperplasia and alleviates tracheal stenosis
Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2021 Jun 12;26(1):28
C57BL/6J mice
MCAO model and photothrombotic stroke model
Intraperitoneal injection
25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg
1 hour before ischemia and 5 hours after reperfusion
Β-Elemene attenuated neurological deficit, reduced the infarction volume and neuroinflammation, thus improving ischemic stroke injury.
Chin Med. 2024 Jun 15;19(1):86
C57BL/6 mice
Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model
Intraperitoneal injection
40 mg/kg/d
Once daily for 7 days
Β-Elemene attenuated renal fibrosis in UUO mice by inhibition of STAT3 and Smad3 signaling
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 May 16;23(10):5553
BALB/C mice
DLBCL xenograft model
Intraperitoneal injection
45 mg/kg
Once daily for 28 days
To evaluate the inhibitory effect of β-Elemene on the growth of DLBCL xenograft, the results showed that β-Elemene significantly suppressed tumor growth, down-regulated HULC expression, up-regulated Bax expression, and down-regulated Bcl-2 expression.
Biosci Rep. 2020 Feb 28;40(2):BSR20190804
BALB/c nude mice
OSCC xenograft model
Intraperitoneal injection
45 mg/kg β-Ele and/or 4 mg/kg cisplatin
Every three days for 27 days
To evaluate the inhibitory effect of β-Ele and cisplatin combination therapy on the growth of OSCC xenograft tumors. The results showed that β-Ele and cisplatin synergistically suppressed tumor growth and induced apoptosis, possibly by inhibiting the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway.
Cancer Cell Int. 2022 Jul 31;22(1):244
Nude mice
Orthotopic transplantation HCC model
Intraperitoneal injection
45 mg/kg β-elemene and 5 mg/kg oxaliplatin
Twice a week for 7 weeks
Β-Elemene combined with oxaliplatin significantly inhibited HCC tumor growth in nude mice by upregulating CTR1 expression, increasing intracellular oxaliplatin accumulation, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor effect of oxaliplatin.
Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 12;6:21010
BALB/c-nu mice
A549 cell subcutaneous xenograft model
Intraperitoneal injection
5 mg/kg
Once daily for 7 days
To evaluate the inhibitory effect of β-Elemene on the growth of A549 cell subcutaneous xenografts. Results showed that β-Elemene significantly suppressed tumor growth.
Am J Cancer Res. 2022 Apr 15;12(4):1535-1555
BALB/c nude mice
NSCLC xenograft model
Oral gavage
50 mg/kg
Every other day for 2 weeks
Β-Elemene suppresses tumor growth by downregulating ALDH3A1 expression, reducing glucose uptake, and inhibiting glycolysis.
Cell Death Dis. 2023 Sep 20;14(9):617
BALB/c nude mice
Orthotopic breast cancer xenograft model
Intraperitoneal injection
50 mg/kg
Once daily for 21 days
Β-Elemene significantly reduced metastatic foci of breast cancer in the lung and liver.
J Cell Mol Med. 2019 Oct;23(10):6846-6858
Nude mice
HCC827/GR xenograft model
Intravenous injection
50 mg/kg
Daily for an unspecified duration
To evaluate the antitumor efficacy of β-Elemene in combination with gefitinib, results showed that the combination treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024 May 14;17(5):626
BALB/c nude mice
A673 xenograft model
Peritumoral injection
50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg
Once daily for 17 days
Β-Elemene significantly inhibited the growth of A673 xenografts, with a 72% inhibition rate in the high-dose group.
Endocr Relat Cancer. 2019 Feb;26(2):187-199
C57BL/6 male mice
High-fat diet-induced obese mouse model
Gavage
7.5 mg/kg/d
Once daily for 3 weeks
Β-Elemene suppressed experimental obesity-induced chronic inflammation by adjusting the intestinal immune system of obese mice and partially reversed HFD-induced changes in the composition and contents of mouse gut bacteria.
Biomedicines. 2021 Jun 22;9(7):704
Mice
High-fat diet-induced obesity model
Gavage
7.5 mg/kg/d
Once daily for 3 weeks
To study the regulatory effect of β-Elemene on inflammatory response in obese mice, results showed that β-Elemene significantly reduced blood glucose levels and the expression of inflammatory cytokines.
Commun Biol. 2022 May 31;5(1):519
C57BL/6 male mice
High-fat diet-induced obese mouse model
Oral gavage
7.5 mg/kg/d
Once daily for 3 weeks
To evaluate the effects of β-Elemene on adipose tissue inflammation and Tregs in obese mice. Results showed that oral administration of β-Elemene significantly downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) in adipose tissue and increased the proportion of Foxp3+CD4+ T cells, indicating its role in alleviating obesity-induced chronic inflammation by modulating DCs function in the intestinal immune system.
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