Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium hydrate (TUDCA) prevents apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium hydrate is investigated for use in several conditions such as Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), insulin resistance, amyloidosis, Cystic Fibrosis, Cholestasis, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. TUDCA abolished TG-induced markers of ER stress; reduced calcium efflux, induction of Bip/GRP78, and caspase-12 activation; and subsequently inhibited activation of effector caspases and apoptosis. Mitochondria play a secondary role in ER-mediated apoptosis and that TUDCA prevents apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation[3]. Treatment with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a hydrophilic bile acid, prevented neuropathology and associated behavioral deficits in the 3-nitropropionic acid rat model of HD (Huntington's disease). Systemically administered TUDCA led to a significant reduction in striatal neuropathology of the R6/2 transgenic HD mouse. R6/2 mice began receiving TUDCA at 6 weeks of age and exhibited reduced striatal atrophy, decreased striatal apoptosis, as well as fewer and smaller size ubiquitinated neuronal intranuclear huntingtin inclusions. Moreover, locomotor and sensorimotor deficits were significantly improved in the TUDCA-treated mice[4]. TUDCA reduces the damaging effects of TDCA (taurodeoxycholic acid) on fundus gastric mucosa; TUDCA may play an important role in the treatment of gastritis associated with bile reflux[5].
Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium hydrate 细胞实验
Cell Line
Concentration
Treated Time
Description
References
MC3T3-E1 cells
3 µg/l
14 or 21 days
To assess osteogenic potential, results showed that Se/TUDCA significantly increased ALP expression and calcified nodule formation
J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2024 Oct 15;35(1):64
RAW264.7 macrophages
100 µM
24 hours
To evaluate the effect of TUDCA on the intracellular survival of B. pseudomallei in RAW264.7 macrophages, results showed that TUDCA significantly reduced the intracellular survival of B. pseudomallei.
BMC Microbiol. 2021 May 4;21(1):137
C2C12 murine myotubes
50 µM
48 hours
TDCA increased myotube diameter and prevented dexamethasone-induced atrophy
Gut Microbes. 2025 Dec;17(1):2449586
MC3T3-E1 cells
3 µg/l
72 hours
To evaluate cell proliferation and differentiation, results showed that Se/TUDCA significantly promoted MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and osteogenic potential
J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2024 Oct 15;35(1):64
CD4+ T cells
100 µM TDCA and 100 mM valine
72 hours
To evaluate the effect of TDCA and valine on the interaction between CD4+ T cells and M1 macrophages. Results showed that TDCA and valine significantly reduced the frequencies of CD4+IFN-γ+ and CD4+IL-17A+ T cells.
Am J Transplant. 2022 Feb;22(2):402-413
Splenic monocytes
100 µM TDCA and 100 mM valine
96 hours
To evaluate the effect of TDCA and valine on LPS-induced M1 macrophage polarization. Results showed that TDCA and valine significantly reduced LPS-induced polarization of F4/80+CD11b+CD11c+ M1 macrophages.
Am J Transplant. 2022 Feb;22(2):402-413
Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium hydrate 动物实验
Species
Animal Model
Administration
Dosage
Frequency
Description
References
Mice
C26 cancer cachexia model
Intraperitoneal injection
10 mg/kg
Daily administration until the end of the experiment
TDCA improved cholesterol homeostasis and reduced hepatic cholesterol levels but did not prevent muscle atrophy
Gut Microbes. 2025 Dec;17(1):2449586
Pigs
PRRSV inactivated vaccine immunization model
Oral
10 mg/kg
7 days
RPP treatment significantly increased the concentrations of PRRSV GP5 protein antibody, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ, and optimized gut flora and blood metabolites.
Front Immunol. 2024 Jun 26;15:1352018
C57BL/6 mice
Melioidosis model
Injection
100 μg/g
Every 2 days for 10 days
To assess the effect of TUDCA on the survival of melioidosis mice, results showed that TUDCA significantly improved the survival rate of mice, reduced bacterial loads and inflammatory responses in the lungs, spleen, and liver.
BMC Microbiol. 2021 May 4;21(1):137
C57BL/6J mice
High-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) model
Oral
1000 mg/kg
Once daily for 4 weeks
To evaluate the therapeutic effects of TUDCA on a high-fat diet-induced NAFLD mouse model. TUDCA significantly attenuated hepatic steatosis, inflammatory responses, obesity, and insulin resistance, improved intestinal barrier function, reduced intestinal fat transport, and modulated gut microbiota composition.
Br J Pharmacol. 2018 Feb;175(3):469-484
Rd10 mice, P23H rats, BN rats, etc.
Models of RP, DR, RDT, etc.
Intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, in eye drops
100-750 mg/kg
1 day to 60 days
Protection of retinal function and structure by inhibiting apoptosis, decreasing inflammation, attenuating oxidative stress, etc.
Curr Neuropharmacol. 2024;22(8):1374-1390
Mice
Laparotomy model
Intraperitoneal injection
200 mg/kg
Single dose, 30 min before surgery
Inhibiting ER stress alleviates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and neuroinflammation, improving postoperative cognitive function
CNS Neurosci Ther. 2024 Oct;30(10):e70049
Sprague Dawley (SD) rats
Spinal cord injury (SCI) model
Oral
200 mg/kg
Once daily for 28 days
To evaluate the effects of combined TUDCA and BMSC transplantation on functional recovery and tissue regeneration in SCI rats. Results showed that TUDCA significantly accelerated tissue regeneration (assessed by HE, Nissl, MAP2, MBP, TUJ1, and GFAP) and improved functional recovery (assessed by BBB score). These effects were mediated via upregulation of Nrf-2, NQO-1, and HO-1 expression levels.
Mol Neurobiol. 2024 Jul;61(7):3753-3768
Wistar albino male rats
STZ-induced type 2 diabetes model
Intraperitoneal injection
300 mg/kg
Once daily for 15 days
To evaluate the antidiabetic effects of TUDCA in STZ-induced diabetic rats, results showed TUDCA significantly reduced blood glucose, HbA1c%, and HOMA-IR, increased insulin levels, and improved lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jun 25;25(13):6922
C57BL/6J male mice
18-month-old aged mice model
Intraperitoneal injection
300 mg/kg
Once daily for 20 consecutive days
To evaluate the effects of TUDCA on glucose-insulin homeostasis in aged mice. Results showed TUDCA improved hyperinsulinemia and glucose homeostasis by enhancing liver insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) expression and insulin clearance.
Sci Rep. 2022 Dec 23;12(1):22273
Sprague Dawley rats
Ovariectomized osteoporosis model
Local administration
300 μg/30 μL
Single dose, maintained for 3 months
To evaluate the effect of Se/TUDCA on bone regeneration in osteoporotic rats, results showed that Se/TUDCA significantly promoted bone regeneration and reduced oxidative stress
J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2024 Oct 15;35(1):64
C57BL/6j mice
Ocular alkali burn model
Intraperitoneal injection
400 mg/kg
Once daily for 3 days
To investigate the effect of TUDCA on inflammation after ocular alkali burn, results showed that TUDCA inhibited inflammation in the cornea and retina and protected retinal ganglion cells.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Oct 3;23(19):11717
Rats
ET B receptor-deficient rats
Intraperitoneal injection
400 mg/kg/day
Daily for 3 weeks
To evaluate the protective effects of TUDCA against high salt diet-induced renal injury. Results showed that TUDCA significantly reduced proteinuria and albuminuria, ameliorated glomerular and proximal tubular damage, and decreased renal cortical cell death and inflammation.
Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2019 May;226(1):e13227
C57BL/6 mice
Diet-induced obese (DIO) mouse model
Intraperitoneal injection
TDCA (50 mg/kg) and valine (200 mg/kg)
Daily injections until the end of the observation period post-transplantation
To evaluate the effect of TDCA and valine on transplant survival in obese mice. Results showed that the combined treatment of TDCA and valine significantly prolonged graft survival in obese mice, reduced the frequencies of CD4+IFN-γ+ and CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells, and increased the frequencies of Tregs and IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells.
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