Kaurenoic acid (KA) is a diterpene from Sphagneticola trilobata, inhibits Inflammatory Pain by the inhibition of cytokine production and activation of the NO–cyclic GMP–PKG–ATP-sensitive potassium channel signaling pathway[3]. Kaurenoic acid dose-dependently inhibited NO production, PGE2 release, COX-2 and iNOS expression at micromolar concentrations in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages with IC50 values of 51.73 (±2.42) μM and 106.09 (±0.27) μM in NO production and PGE(2) release, respectively[4]. KA induced the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, key activator molecules in TGF-β signaling. Similarly, i.t. KA induced the phosphorylation of Smad2 and increased the expression of α-SMA in mouse lungs[5]. KA increased, in a dose-dependent manner, the survival rate after acetaminophen overdose. KA reduced acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis and ALT and AST levels. KA decreased acetaminophen-induced neutrophil and macrophage recruitment, oxidative stress and the production of IL-33, TNF-α and IL-1β, alongside with normalisation of IL-10 levels in the liver[6].
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