Spermidine is essential for maintaining cell membrane stability, enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, improving photosystem II (PSII), and upregulating relevant gene expression. It significantly reduces the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)[1].
体外研究
Spermidine also plays a crucial role in protecting against various abiotic stresses including salt, drought, heat, and salinity-alkalinity in plants such as tomato, cucumber, and rice[1].
Spermidine HCl/三盐酸亚精胺 细胞实验
Cell Line
Concentration
Treated Time
Description
References
Primary peritoneal macrophages
50 µM
1 hour
Spermidine inhibited NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β expression and ROS generation
Mol Med. 2022 Sep 4;28(1):103.
THP-1 macrophages
50 µM
1 hour
Spermidine inhibited LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β production, and reduced NF-κB phosphorylation
Mol Med. 2022 Sep 4;28(1):103.
BMDMs
10 mM
1 hourr
To evaluate the impact of spermidine on phagocytic uptake, results showed that 10 mM spermidine significantly increased the phagocytic uptake of non-motile mutants.
Elife. 2020 Sep 22;9:e55744.
Neonatal astrocytes
10 µM
18 hours
To assess the effect of spermidine on astrocyte inflammatory response. Results showed that spermidine reduced the poly I:C-induced release of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-12, IL-4 and KC/GRO.
J Neuroinflammation. 2022 Jul 2;19(1):172.
RAW 264.7 cells
100 µM
24 hours
Evaluate cytocompatibility, results indicate good cytocompatibility up to 100 μM of SPD.
Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Jun;11(22):e2310162.
Human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19)
10 µM
24 hours
Spermidine significantly attenuated H2O2-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, and reduced mitochondrial dysfunction.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jan 29;22(3):1361.
H1299 cells
100 µM
4 hours and 16 hours
To evaluate the effect of spermidine on NRF2 and autophagy pathways. Results showed that SPD increased the protein levels of MAP1S, p62, and NRF2 in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased KEAP1 protein levels.
Hepatology. 2019 Jul;70(1):372-388.
Human vascular smooth muscle cells
0.1, 0.5, 1 µM
7 days
Spermidine significantly reduced mineral deposition and inhibited osteogenic differentiation markers BMP2 and Runx2 expression
Aging Cell. 2021 Jun;20(6):e13377.
Rat vascular smooth muscle cells
0.1, 0.5, 1 µM
7 days
Spermidine significantly reduced mineral deposition and inhibited osteogenic differentiation markers BMP2 and Runx2 expression
Aging Cell. 2021 Jun;20(6):e13377.
Spermidine HCl/三盐酸亚精胺 动物实验
Species
Animal Model
Administration
Dosage
Frequency
Description
References
Drosophila
DSms/C0//C0 Drosophila
Oral
10 mM
Continuous administration
DFMO extended the lifespan of dSms/C0//C0 Drosophila, with median survival of male flies increasing from 21 to 35 days.
EMBO Mol Med. 2023 Nov 8;15(11):e17833
C57BL/6J mice
High-fat diet-induced obese Mice model
Oral
20 mg/kg
Once daily for 14 weeks
To evaluate the ameliorative effects of spermidine on metabolic syndrome, results showed spermidine significantly reduced body weight, improved lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity, and promoted white adipose tissue browning
Nat Commun. 2025 Jan 21;16(1):877
Sprague-Dawley rats
Middle-aged rat model
Drinking water
25 mg/kg
Daily administration for 350 days
To assess the effect of spermidine on behavioral performance and longevity of middle-aged rats. Results showed that spermidine did not significantly extend lifespan but improved body weight, kidney, liver, and heart morphology, reduced anxiety and increased exploratory behavior, enhanced brain autophagy, and decreased expression of inflammatory markers.
Geroscience. 2020 Jun;42(3):937-949
Rats
Subcutaneous implantation model
Subcutaneous implantation
250 μM
Single implantation, observed up to 21 days
Evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of DN-SPD hydrogel, results show DN-SPD hydrogel significantly reduced inflammatory responses and fibrous encapsulation.
Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Jun;11(22):e2310162.
Mice
CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model
Drinking water
3 mM
5 weeks
To assess the protective effect of spermidine on liver fibrosis. Results showed that SPD significantly alleviated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, and this protective effect was significantly reduced in NRF2 or p62 single knockout mice and completely abolished in double knockout mice.
Hepatology. 2019 Jul;70(1):372-388.
Mice
APPPS1 mice
Oral
3 mM
Starting at 30 days of age until 120 or 290 days of age
To assess the effect of spermidine on AD pathology. Results showed that spermidine significantly reduced soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels, decreased neuroinflammation, and altered microglial transcriptome and proteome.
J Neuroinflammation. 2022 Jul 2;19(1):172.
Rats
Chronic kidney disease model
Drinking water
3 mM
For 4 weeks
Spermidine significantly attenuated aortic calcification, reduced calcium content, and inhibited osteogenic differentiation markers BMP2 and Runx2 expression
Aging Cell. 2021 Jun;20(6):e13377.
C57BL/6 mice
Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury model
Drinking water
3 mM
Started 1 week before LPS treatment
Spermidine improved sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by modulating macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitochondrial respiration
Mol Med. 2022 Sep 4;28(1):103.
Mice
ALS (G93A) transgenic mice
Intraperitoneal injection
5 mg/kg
4 times per week, from 30 to 120 days of age
Spermidine improved motor neuron survival and neuropathology in ALS mice, delayed disease onset, and prolonged lifespan
J Biomed Sci. 2022 Dec 20;29(1):106
C57BL/6 mice
Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury model
Intraperitoneal injection
50 mg/kg
Started 30 min or 24 h after LPS treatment, once daily
Spermidine improved sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by modulating macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitochondrial respiration
Mol Med. 2022 Sep 4;28(1):103.
C57BL/6 mice
B16F10 melanoma model
Intraperitoneal injection
75 mg/kg
Single administration
Spermidine inhibited anti-CD3/CD28-induced CD8+ T cell activation and proliferation
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Jun 13;120(24):e2305245120
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