Naringin is a major flavanone glycoside obtained from tomatoes, grapefruits, and many other citrus fruits. It exhibits biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities[6]. Naringenin, the aglycone formed by intestinal bacteria hydrolysis of naringin, competitively inhibits benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase (AHH) activity with an estimated Ki of 39 microM[7]. Naringin relieved kidney injury, improved renal function and inhibited collagen formation and renal interstitial fibrosis. It also restrained oxidative stress by activating Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. Moreover, the results suggested that naringin significantly resisted inflammatory reaction by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway. Taken together, those results demonstrate that naringin effectively alleviates diabetic kidney disease (DKD), which provide theoretical basis for naringin clinically used to treatment of DKD[6]. AGS cell proliferation was inhibited by Naringin in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of PI3K and its activated downstream targets p-Akt and p-mTOR are significantly decreased at 2 mM in Naringin-treated AGS cells[8]. Naringin protects pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) from 3-NP neurotoxicity, as evaluated by cell viability assays. The lactate dehydrogenase release was decreased upon naringin treatment in 3-NP-induced PC12 cells. Naringin treatment enhances the antioxidant defense by increasing the activities of enzymatic antioxidants and the level of reduced glutathione[9]. Treatment with naringin significantly alleviates renal injury in diabetic rats and increases diabetic rats body weight significantly. Administration of naringin effectively alleviates the collagen deposition and renal interstitial fibrosis in diabetic rats. Treatment with naringin could result in decreased levels of ROS and MDA and increased activities of SOD and GSH-Px[6]. Naringin can also improve neuronal innsulin signaling, brain mitochondrial function, and cognitive function in high-fat diet-induced obese mice[10].
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