Geniposide (GEN), a kind of iridoid glycoside extracted from Gardenia jasminoides fruit, has many biological effects, such as resistance to cell damage and anti-neurodegenerative disorder. GEN has protective effect on lipid accumulation via enhancing the ability of antioxidative stress and anti-inflammation which were mostly depend on up-regulating the protein expression of Nrf2/HO-1 (nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/haeme oxygenase) and AMPK (adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase) signalling pathways, thereby suppressed the phosphorylation of mTORC (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex) and its related protein[3]. Moreover, geniposide (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) could significantly ameliorate acute kidney injury in CLP (cecal ligation and puncture)-induced septic mice and LPS-stimulated HK-2 cells by activating PPARγ[4]. Geniposide was able to increase autophagy and inhibit apoptosis by regulating the function of mTOR in treating Alzheimer's disease. Geniposide has also been shown to act as a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist to reduce amyloid plaques and inhibit oxidative stress to alleviate memory impairment as well as synaptic loss[5]. Geniposide could inhibit the progression of and stabilize atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits by suppressing M1 macrophage polarization and promoting M2 polarization through the FOS/MAPK signaling pathway[6].
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