Fraxin, isolated from Acer tegmentosum, exert potent anti-oxidative stress action. Treatment with fraxin significantly lowered the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in a CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity rat model. In the fraxin-treated group, glutathione (GSH) significantly increased, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver significantly decreased. Fraxin also showed radical-scavenging activity. Fraxin protected HepG2 cells through Nrf2 pathway-dependent HO-1 expression[3]. Fraxin showed free radical scavenging effect at high concentration (0.5 mM) and cell protective effect against H2O2-mediated oxidative stress. Fraxin recovered viability of HUVECs damaged by H2O2-treatment and reduced the lipid peroxidation and the internal reactive oxygen species level elevated by H2O2 treatment[4]. Fraxin reduced LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β production in A549 cells and alleviated the LPS-induced wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio and the effects observed via histopathological examination of the lung in vivo. Furthermore, fraxin reduced the protein concentrations in the broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and cytokine production in the sera. Fraxin played a protective role in LPS-induced lung injury by inhibiting the NF-κB and NLRP3 signalling pathways[5]. Fraxin elicited protective effects on mice with LPS-induced ARDS (Acute respiratory distress syndrome) and might be used as a drug to cure ARDS induced by Gram-negative bacterial infection[6].
Fraxin/秦皮苷 细胞实验
Cell Line
Concentration
Treated Time
Description
References
SK-N-SH cells
10 and 20 µM
48 hours
Evaluate the antiviral effect of Fraxin on HSV-1 infection, results showed Fraxin inhibited HSV-1 GFP expression at 20 µM.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Oct 18;10(10):1638
glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs)
20, 40, 60 μM
24 hours
Fraxin significantly inhibited HG-induced FN and ICAM-1 expression and promoted the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway
Front Pharmacol. 2022 Mar 24;13:853383
MNT1 cells
20, 40, 80 μM
24 hours
To evaluate the protective effect of Fraxin against H2O2-induced apoptosis. Results showed that Fraxin pretreatment significantly reduced the apoptosis rate induced by H2O2 and decreased nuclear pyknosis and fragmentation.
Heliyon. 2023 Aug 3;9(8):e18929
MNT1 cells
0, 40, 80, 160, 320 μM
48 hours
To evaluate the effect of Fraxin on melanogenesis. Results showed that Fraxin treatment reduced melanin content and downregulated melanogenesis-related proteins (TYR, TYRP1, DCT, and RAB27A).
Heliyon. 2023 Aug 3;9(8):e18929
MNT1 cells
2.5 to 640 μM
24, 48, and 72 hours
To evaluate the effect of Fraxin on MNT1 cell viability. Results showed that low concentrations of Fraxin (2.5 to 320 μM) had no significant effect on cell viability, while 640 μM Fraxin significantly reduced cell viability after 48 and 72 hours of treatment.
Heliyon. 2023 Aug 3;9(8):e18929
Hep G2 cells
1-100 μg/mL
12 hours
To evaluate the protective effect of Fraxin against t-BHP-induced hepatotoxicity. Results showed that Fraxin significantly reduced t-BHP-induced cytotoxicity and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
Molecules. 2017 Apr 6;22(4):587
Fraxin/秦皮苷 动物实验
Species
Animal Model
Administration
Dosage
Frequency
Description
References
Db/db mice
Diabetic nephropathy model
Oral
25, 50, 100 mg/kg
6 days per week for 8 weeks
Fraxin significantly improved renal dysfunction and pathological changes of renal fibrosis in diabetic db/db mice, and upregulated the expression of Cx43 and Nrf2/ARE pathway-related proteins
Front Pharmacol. 2022 Mar 24;13:853383
Zebrafish
Zebrafish embryos
Treatment in culture medium
40, 80, 160, 320 μM
Daily replacement of culture medium for 5 days
To verify the inhibitory effect of Fraxin on melanogenesis in zebrafish. Results showed that Fraxin treatment significantly reduced the density of melanin granules in the tails of zebrafish in a concentration-dependent manner.
Heliyon. 2023 Aug 3;9(8):e18929
Sprague-Dawley rats
CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity model
Oral
5, 10, 50 mg/kg
Five consecutive days
To evaluate the protective effect of Fraxin against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Results showed that Fraxin significantly reduced serum AST and ALT levels, increased glutathione (GSH) levels, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the liver.
Molecules. 2017 Apr 6;22(4):587
Mice
Reserpine-induced depressive-like disorder model
Oral
50 mg/kg
Once daily for 10 days
To evaluate the effects of Fraxin on reserpine-induced depressive-like behaviors. The results showed that Fraxin significantly reduced immobility time in the forced swim test and tail suspension test and increased activity in the center zone in the open field test. Additionally, Fraxin decreased plasma corticosterone concentrations, reduced mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus, and increased the expression of pCREB and BDNF in the hippocampus.
Front Behav Neurosci. 2021 Jun 17;15:650833
Swiss albino BALB/c mice
LPS-induced cytokine storm model
Intraperitoneal injection
120 mg/kg
Single dose, lasted for 24 hours
To evaluate the prophylactic effect of Fraxin on LPS-induced cytokine storm. Results showed that Fraxin significantly reduced the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and alleviated pathological damage in lung and kidney tissues.
Iran J Med Sci. 2024 May 1;49(5):322-331
Wistar albino rats
Cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity model
Oral
40 mg/kg
Once daily for one week
To evaluate the protective effect of Fraxin against cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Results showed that Fraxin significantly reduced oxidative stress parameters (e.g., MDA), enhanced antioxidant parameters (e.g., GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPx), and alleviated histopathological damage and inflammatory responses (e.g., TNF-α and Caspase-3 expression).
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