Saccharin is an artificial sweetener with minimal caloric value, widely used for managing hypertension and hyperglycemia, exhibiting antibacterial and microbiome-modulating properties.

Acesulfame potassium is a non-nutritive artificial sweetener. Long-term use may affect cognitive function and neuro-metabolism. It is used as a food additive and in studies on metabolic disorders.

Maltitol is a sugar alcohol (polyol) used as a sugar substitute. It is especially useful in the production of sweets, including sugarless hard candies, chewing gum, chocolates.