Tizoxanide is the main active metabolite of nitazoxanide. Nitazoxanide and tizoxanide have a broad-spectrum anti-infective effect, including parasites, bacteria, and virus. Tizoxanide exerts anti-inflammatory effects, by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppressing of the activation of the NF-κB and the MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-treated (lipopolysaccharide) macrophage cells[3]. Tizoxanide (TIZ) inhibited virus replication of all CIVs (canine influenza virus) with 90% inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.60 to 0.76 μM, and it is effective against CIV and may be useful for treatment of canine influenza in dogs[4]. TIZ exhibited potent inhibition of both HBV (hepatitis B virus) and HCV (hepatitis C virus) replication[5]. Tizoxanide showed potent in vitro antiviral activity against all influenza viruses tested. Median EC50 values (±IQR) of 0.48 μM (0.33-0.71), 0.62 μM (0.56-0.75), 0.66 μM (0.62-0.69), and 0.60 μM (0.51-0.67) were obtained for A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), B(Victoria lineage), and B(Yamagata lineage) influenza viruses respectively[6].
搜索
