Sulfadimethoxine (SDM) is an antibiotic often used in combination with ormetoprim to prevent the spread of disease in freshwater aquaculture[1]. At antibiotic concentrations between 5 and 7 mg/L, SDM inhibited the growth of anammox bacteria and resulted in a decrease of Candidatus Brocadia abundance from 2.57% to 0.39%[2]. The excess sulfadimethoxine (SDM) in the environment could lead to antibiotic resistance by microorganisms and may do harm to many aquatic organisms. H2PO4- improved the efficiency of SDM removal by KMnO4. Humic acid (0-10 mg L-1) promoted the removal of SDM, which was attributed to the generation of in situ MnO2[3].
Sulfadimethoxine/磺胺地索辛 细胞实验
Cell Line
Concentration
Treated Time
Description
References
Phaeodactylum tricornutum MASCC-0025
0.5, 3, 5.5 mg/L
10 days
To investigate the biodegradation potential of marine microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum MASCC-0025 on SDM. Results showed that P. tricornutum MASCC-0025 exhibited 100% removal of 0.5 mg/L SDM and a removal rate of 58.59% at 3 mg/L SDM.
Front Microbiol. 2022 Mar 18;13:840562
Chlorella sp. L38
0.5, 1, 3 mg/L
14 days
To investigate the biodegradation potential of freshwater microalgae Chlorella sp. L38 on SDM and its adaptation mechanism. Results showed that Chlorella sp. L38 had a significantly higher growth rate at 0.5 mg/L SDM compared to the control group, and the SDM removal rate reached around 88% within 14 days.
Front Microbiol. 2022 Mar 18;13:840562
Sulfadimethoxine/磺胺地索辛 动物实验
Species
Animal Model
Administration
Dosage
Frequency
Description
References
Wistar rats
Iodine deficiency- and sulfadimethoxine-induced hypothyroid rats
Drinking water
0.025%
8 weeks
Evaluate the effect of sulfadimethoxine on thyroid function, results showed that sulfadimethoxine significantly increased TSH levels and decreased fT3 levels.
Nutrients. 2022 Jul 8;14(14):2802
Male Fischer (F344/DuCrI) rats
Iodine deficiency or sulfadimethoxine-induced thyroid damage models
Drinking water
0.025%
8 weeks
To evaluate the effects of sulfadimethoxine combined with iodine deficiency or rutabaga sprouts on thyroid function. Results showed that sulfadimethoxine combined with rutabaga sprouts enhanced negative effects on the organism, such as increased WBC, TNF-α, creatinine, and triglyceride levels, and decreased PLT levels and body temperature.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020 Jan;193(1):204-213
Rats
Athymic nude (rnu/rnu) and euthymic (rnu/+) littermate rats
Oral
0.1% in drinking water
Continuously for 5 or 10 weeks
To investigate the association between SDM-induced thyroid capsular inflammation and invasive carcinoma development. Results showed that SDM significantly induced capsular inflammation and associated invasive follicular cell carcinomas in euthymic rats, whereas both inflammation and carcinoma development were significantly reduced in athymic nude rats.
Cancer Sci. 2007 Mar;98(3):294-8
F344 male rats
DHPN-induced thyroid cancer model
Drinking water
0.1% SDM in drinking water
Continuous for 4 and 10 weeks
To investigate the effects of SDM on thyroid capsular thickening with inflammation and subsequent development of invasive follicular carcinomas. Results showed that SDM treatment induced thyroid capsular thickening and inflammation, followed by the development of invasive follicular carcinomas in the capsular region.
Cancer Sci. 2009 Oct;100(10):1794-800
Mice
Nkx2-1 -thyroid-conditional hypomorphic mice
Drinking water
2000 ppm
Continued for 180 days
To investigate the effect of sulfadimethoxine on the incidence of thyroid adenomas in Nkx2-1 -thyroid-conditional hypomorphic mice. Results showed a significantly higher incidence of adenomas in Nkx2-1 -thyroid-conditional hypomorphic mice compared to wild-type and heterozygous mice when treated with DHPN + SDM.
Carcinogenesis. 2009 Sep;30(9):1614-9
Chickens
Experimentally induced leucocytozoonosis
Oral
40 mg/kg
Daily administration starting from day 0 or day 14 postinoculation
To evaluate the therapeutic effects of sulfadimethoxine on leucocytozoonosis. Results showed that the sulfadimethoxine group had significantly higher body weight gain from day 14 to 28 postinoculation compared to the control group, and rectal temperature decreased significantly.
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