There will be a HazMat fee per item when shipping a dangerous goods. The HazMat fee will be charged to your UPS/DHL/FedEx collect account or added to the invoice unless the package is shipped via Ground service. Ship by air in Excepted Quantity (each bottle), which is up to 1g/1mL for class 6.1 packing group I or II, and up to 25g/25ml for all other HazMat items.
Type
HazMat fee for 500 gram (Estimated)
Excepted Quantity
USD 0.00
Limited Quantity
USD 15-60
Inaccessible (Haz class 6.1), Domestic
USD 80+
Inaccessible (Haz class 6.1), International
USD 150+
Accessible (Haz class 3, 4, 5 or 8), Domestic
USD 100+
Accessible (Haz class 3, 4, 5 or 8), International
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family and is the leading cause of cirrhosis and need for liver transplantation. Ribavirin is a nucleoside analogue and broad spectrum antiviral agent that is used with pegylated IFN (Peg-IFN) for HCV treatment. Although ribavirin does not have significant antiviral effect when used alone, it does reduce the number of break-throughs and relapses when used in combination with Peg-IFN. In a mouse model, ribavirin treatment inhibited macrophage inflammatory cytokine response resulting in reduction in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and histological improvement suggesting ribavirin may act on HCV via an immunomodulatory route. Studies combining IFN-α (used for the treatment of HCV) and ribavirin for 24 or 48 weeks showed increasing proportion of SVR (sustained virologic response) with longer duration and addition of ribavirin suggesting the important role ribavirin plays in improving SVR[3].
作用机制
By depleting endogenous GTP, ribavirin is preferentially incorporated into the growing HCV viral strand leading to reduced viral replication[3].
Ribavirin/利巴韦林 细胞实验
Cell Line
Concentration
Treated Time
Description
References
Vero E6 cells
50.30 ± 24.01 µM
48 hours
To measure the inhibitory effect of Ribavirin on SARS-CoV-2 replication, showing IC50 of 50.30 ± 24.01 µM
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2023 Jan 24;67(1):e0131522.
Vero E6 cells
>500 µM
72 hours
To measure the cytotoxicity of Ribavirin on Vero E6 cells, showing CC50 >500 µM
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2023 Jan 24;67(1):e0131522.
PLC/PRF/5 cells
40 µM
96 hours
To evaluate the inhibitory effect of ribavirin monotherapy on HEV growth, results showed that ribavirin monotherapy initially inhibited HEV growth, but the HEV RNA levels gradually increased over time.
Antiviral activity against RSV A2 infected in african green monkey Vero cells after 5 days by plaque reduction assay, EC50=7 μM
20359898
BHK21 cell line
Function assay
Inhibition of West Nile virus VLP replicon in BHK21 cell line, EC50=1.1 μM
16539402
E6SM cell lines
Function assay
Effective concentration required to inhibit Herpes simplex virus-1(HSV-1) / thymine kinase deficient (TK-)B2006 / VMW1837 induced cytopathicity by 50% in E6SM cell lines, EC50=0.005 μM
11495586
HEK293 cells
Function assay
24 h
Inhibition of influenza A virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase expressed in HEK293 cells after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay, EC50=15 μM
24313730
HEL cells
Function assay
2-3 days
Antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus 1 KOS infected in HEL cells assessed as protection from virus-induced cytopathogenicity after 2 to 3 days by MTT assay, EC50=10 μM
20034711
HeLa cell
Function assay
Effective concentration required to inhibit respiratory synaptial(RSV) virus-induced cytopathicity by 50% in HeLa cell lines, EC50=1.5 μM
11495586
human BE(2)-C cells
Function assay
18-20 h
Antiviral activity against Western equine encephalomyelitis virus infected in human BE(2)-C cells assessed as inhibition of viral RNA replication after 18 to 20 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay, IC50=16 μM
24151954
human CEM cells
Function assay
20-60 mins
Inhibition of IMPDH in human CEM cells assessed as formation of [2,8-3H]hypoxanthine from [2,8-3H]IMP after 20 to 60 mins, IC50=1 μM
22555152
human HuH7 cells
Cytotoxic assay
3 days
Cytotoxicity against human HuH7 cells infected with HCV1b after 3 days by MTS assay, CC50=32 μM
22100256
human HuH7-J20 cells
Function assay
Antiviral activity against HCV JFH1 infected in human HuH7-J20 cells assessed as inhibition of viral life cycle by measuring secreted alkaline phosphatase level preincubated with cells for 1 hr followed by viral inoculation for 3 hrs measured at 72 hrs, EC50=30.4 μM
26428870
human KB cells
Function assay
72 h
Antiviral activity against Rhinovirus type 13 infected in human KB cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect after 72 hrs relative to control
722730
human KB cells
1-1000 μg/ml
Function assay
72 h
Antiviral activity against Rhinovirus type 13 infected in human KB cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect at 1 to 1000 ug/ml after 72 hrs
211234
human MT4 cells
Cytotoxic assay
96 h
Cytotoxicity against human MT4 cells after 96 hrs by MTT assay, CC50=31 μM
19482481
MDBK cells
Function assay
2 days
Antiviral activity against Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1-NADL ATCC VR534 infected in MDBK cells assessed as reduction of viral cytopathic effect after 2 days bt MTS assay, EC50=4.6 μM
22944333
MDCK cells
Function assay
3 days
Antiviral activity against Influenza B virus (B/HK/5/72) infected in MDCK cells assessed as virus-induced cytopathic effect after 3 days by microscopic analysis, EC50=0.094 μM
23117173
MDCK cells
Function assay
36 h
Antiinfluenza activity against influenza A virus H1N1 infected in MDCK cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect after 36 hrs, IC50=1.9 μM
22341943
mouse L1210 cells
Function assay
20-60 mins
Inhibition of IMPDH in mouse L1210 cells assessed as formation of [2,8-3H]hypoxanthine from [2,8-3H]IMP after 20 to 60 mins, IC50=1 μM
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