Pedunculoside (PE) is a novel triterpene saponin extracted from the dried barks of Ilex rotunda Thunb. Treatment with PE for 7-week (30, 15, or 5 mg/kg daily) dramatically decreased serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and reduced liver TC in hyperlipidemia rat induced by high-fat diet. Besides, PE-treated group decreased weights and diameters of epididymal adipose hyperlipidemia rat[3]. PE significantly inhibited proliferation and migration of FLSs(fibroblast-like synoviocytes). PE also decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). PE treatment significantly inhibited synovial inflammation and bone destruction in CIA (collagen-induced arthritis) rats[4]. PE had an obvious effect on DSS(dextran sulfate sodium)-induced ulcerative colitis. PE significantly improved the colon length and clinical score in mice, and significantly inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines. In the LPS-induced inflammatory response of RAW264.7 macrophages, we also found that PE significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2, JNK1/2, P65, and P38 to reduce the production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS. Furthermore, PE suppressed the LPS-induced transcriptional activities of nuclear factor P65 as well as the phosphorylation of P65[5].
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