Ginsenoside Rd (GSRd), one of the main active ingredients in traditional Chinese herbal Panax ginseng, have therapeutic effects on ischemic stroke. in vitro, GSRd administration reduced mtDNA and nDNA damages and reduced cell apoptosis and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 in rats at 7 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)[3]. Moreover, pretreatment with Rd at 1 or 10 μM in the medium partly reversed the Ca2+ induced mitochondrial swelling. in vivo, pretreatment with Rd (10 and 50 mg/kg) protected spinal cord mitochondria against Ca2+ induced mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation and cytochrome release[4].
Ginsenoside Rd/人参皂苷Rd 细胞实验
Cell Line
Concentration
Treated Time
Description
References
3T3-L1 adipocytes
20 μM
24 hours
Ginsenoside Rd promoted omentin expression in adipocytes through the TBK1-AMPK signaling pathway, thereby improving adipocyte inflammation.
Redox Biol. 2023 Apr;60:102610.
Human brain microvessel endothelial cells (HBMECs)
5, 15, 30 μM
12 hours
To evaluate the protective effects of Ginsenoside Rd on OGD/R-induced injury in HBMECs. Results showed that Ginsenoside Rd significantly restored cell viability, attenuated OGD/R-induced BBB integrity damage, and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis.
J Ginseng Res. 2022 Sep;46(5):700-709.
Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs)
1-50 μmol/L
24 hours
To evaluate the effect of Ginsenoside Rd on migration and tube formation capacity of HUVECs. Results showed that Rd at 1-50 μmol/L significantly inhibited the migration and tube formation of HUVECs, especially under hypoxia conditions.
Rd significantly increased the expression of VEGF and BDNF, dose-dependently increased the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK, and significantly decreased PC12 cell apoptosis, which were blocked by co-application of LY294002.
Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2015 Apr;36(4):421-8.
Primary rat retinal vascular endothelial cells (RVECs)
30 µM
Ginsenoside Rd reduces ROS production by enhancing AMPK-SIRT1 interaction, reverses endothelial mitochondrial intrinsic apoptosis, and ameliorates high glucose-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction.
Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025 Mar 14;24(1):121.
Ginsenoside Rd/人参皂苷Rd 动物实验
Species
Animal Model
Administration
Dosage
Frequency
Description
References
Balb/c nude mice
LoVo colorectal cancer xenograft model
Intraperitoneal injection
5 mg/kg/day
Once daily for 15 days
To evaluate the effect of Ginsenoside Rd on tumor angiogenesis. Results showed that Rd significantly suppressed neovascularization in tumors, normalized the structure of tumor vessels, and improved the anti-tumor effect of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in xenograft mice.
Acta Pharm Sin B. 2020 Sep;10(9):1694-1708.
C57BL/6J mice
Transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced heart failure model
Intragastric administration
5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg
Once daily for 4 weeks
Ginsenoside Rd improved cardiac function and inhibited cardiac pathological changes in TAC-induced HF mice by promoting omentin secretion from adipocytes.
Redox Biol. 2023 Apr;60:102610.
Mice
Aging model and tumor model (LLC1 or CT26)
Oral
10 mg/kg body weight
Aging model: daily for 5 weeks; Tumor model: daily for 16 days
GRd ameliorates aging- and tumor-induced muscle atrophy, evidenced by significant increases in grip strength, hanging time, muscle mass, and muscle tissue cross-sectional area
Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model
Intraperitoneal injection
1, 2.5, 5 mg/kg/d
Once daily for 3 days
Rd dose-dependently decreased the infarct size and neurological scores, significantly increased Akt phosphorylation, and markedly increased the number of BrdU/DCX and Nestin/GFAP double-positive cells, which were partially blocked by co-administration of LY294002.
Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2015 Apr;36(4):421-8.
C57BL/6 male mice
STZ-induced diabetic retinopathy model
Topical ocular administration
0.5% or 1% eye drops (5 µl daily)
Once daily for three months
Ginsenoside Rd significantly alleviated retinal thickness reduction, disorganized architecture, and neuronal cell loss in diabetic mice, decreased retinal MDA content, reduced acellular capillary formation, improved vascular abnormalities and tortuosity, inhibited Evans blue dye extravasation, and restored junctional proteins (VE-cadherin, ZO-1, Occludin, Cx43) expression.
Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025 Mar 14;24(1):121.
Sprague-Dawley rats
Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model
Intraperitoneal injection
30 mg/kg 1 hour before surgery, 10 mg/kg/d after surgery
Single dose 1 hour before surgery, daily dose after surgery until sacrifice
GSRd improved survival rate and neurological scores, reduced DNA damage and apoptosis, up-regulated NEIL1 and NEIL3 expressions
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