There will be a HazMat fee per item when shipping a dangerous goods. The HazMat fee will be charged to your UPS/DHL/FedEx collect account or added to the invoice unless the package is shipped via Ground service. Ship by air in Excepted Quantity (each bottle), which is up to 1g/1mL for class 6.1 packing group I or II, and up to 25g/25ml for all other HazMat items.
Type
HazMat fee for 500 gram (Estimated)
Excepted Quantity
USD 0.00
Limited Quantity
USD 15-60
Inaccessible (Haz class 6.1), Domestic
USD 80+
Inaccessible (Haz class 6.1), International
USD 150+
Accessible (Haz class 3, 4, 5 or 8), Domestic
USD 100+
Accessible (Haz class 3, 4, 5 or 8), International
Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate is an antiplatelet agent which works by blocking platelets from sticking together and prevents them from forming harmful clots. Clopidogrel abolishes the inhibitory P2Y(AC) receptor-mediated ADP effects on prostaglandin E(1)-stimulated, cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of VASP (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein) without affecting epinephrine, thrombin, and thromboxane signaling[3]. The inhibitory effect of clopidogrel on platelet consumption by the growing thrombi resulted apparently in higher platelet concentration at the collagen surface, which enhanced the platelet-collagen adhesion at all three shear rates[4]. Clopidogrel therapy resulted in a significant reduction in soluble CD40 ligand (P = 0.03), a prothrombotic and proinflammatory molecule derived mainly from activated platelets[5]. Clopidogrel (clopi) is a prodrug widely prescribed in the management of coronary artery disease and requires the intervention of hepatic cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) for its activation[6]. Resistance to clopidogrel is largely a result of CYP2C19 enzyme loss of function alleles. One-year patency rates following lower extremity arterial endovascular interventions in patients with clopidogrel resistance (HPR) range between 35%-83% whereas those with the proper response to clopidogrel range between 73%-100%[7].
Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate/硫酸氢氯吡格雷 细胞实验
Cell Line
Concentration
Treated Time
Description
References
Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs)
5 ng/mL
5 days
To investigate the induction of P2Y12 expression by TGF-β1 in BMDMs, the results showed that TGF-β1 induced P2Y12 expression via a Smad3-dependent mechanism, and inhibition of P2Y12 could block MMT and collagen matrix production.
Mol Ther. 2022 Sep 7;30(9):3017-3033.
Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate/硫酸氢氯吡格雷 动物实验
Species
Animal Model
Administration
Dosage
Frequency
Description
References
Mice
Photothrombotic stroke model
Intraperitoneal injection
40 mg/kg
Daily for 14 days
To evaluate the impact of clopidogrel on cognitive and motor function recovery post-stroke in mice. Results showed that clopidogrel significantly impaired learning and memory recovery, reduced mouse survival rates, and decreased body weight. Additionally, clopidogrel significantly increased vascular leakage, increased the number and altered the morphology of microglia, and reduced the number of T cells in the peri-infarct region post-stroke.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jul 20;24(14):11706
C57BL/6J and IL-1R−/− mice
Diet-induced obesity model
Oral
5 mg/kg
Single dose
To study the responsiveness of clopidogrel in diet-induced obese mice, results showed that wild-type DIO mice exhibited resistance to the anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic effects of clopidogrel, while IL-1R?/? DIO mice showed no resistance.
To investigate the inhibitory effect of clopidogrel on renal fibrosis in UUO mice, the results showed that clopidogrel significantly inhibited renal fibrosis, P2Y12 expression, and TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway.
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