Atractylenolide I, a natural compound extracted from largehead atractylodes rhizome, induces apoptosis and brings about cytotoxicity of human promyeloleukemic HL-60 cells. It is also a TLR4-antagonizing agent.

Pam3CSK4 TFA is a trifluoroacetate form of Pam3CSK4. Pam3CSK4 is a toll-like receptor 1/2 (TLR1/2) agonist with an EC50 of 0.47 ng/mL for human TLR1/2 .

TH1020 is Toll-like receptor (TLR) 5/Flagellin complex antagonist with IC50 of 0.85 μM. TH1020 competes with flagellin for TLR5 binding to inhibit the TLR5:flagellin interaction and subsequent downstream TNF-α secretion.

MD2-IN-1 is an inhibitor of Myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) with a KD of 189  μM for the recombinant human MD2 (rhMD2).

TLR7/8 agonist 1 dihydrochloride is a toll-like receptor (TLR7)/TLR8 dual-agonistic imidazoquinoline, showing substantially different agonistic potencies in human TLR7 (50 nM) and TLR8 (55 nM) primary screens

DSR 6434 is a potent TLR7 agonist with EC50 of 7.2 nM.

E-6446 is a synthetic antagonist for nucleic acid-sensing TLRs and potently suppresses DNA stimulation of HEK:TLR9 cells with IC50 of 10 nM.

Motolimod is a Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) agonist with EC50 of 100 nM with immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities.

Polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid is a TLR3 agonist and an immunostimulant. It is used in the form of its sodium salt to simulate viral infections.

CU-CPT9b is a selective inhibitor of TLR8 with IC50 and Kd of 0.7 nM and 21 nM.

Imiquimod HCl is an immune response modifier that acts as a toll-like receptor 7 agonist and is commonly used topically to treat warts on the skin of the genital and anal areas.

TLR2-IN-C29 is an inhibitor of TLR2.

E-6446 2HCl is an antagonist of TLRs and suppresses DNA stimulation in cancer cells with IC50 of 10 nM.