HP-β-CD is used to improve the solubility of lipophilic drugs. It is also an inhibitor of amyloid-β aggregation and Aβ-induced toxicity.

β-Cyclodextrin is a cyclic polysaccharide composed of seven units of glucose (α-D-glucopyranose) linked by α-(1,4) type bonds. β-Cyclodextrin has often been used to enhance the solubility of drugs. β-Cyclodextrin has anti-influenza virus H1N1 activities.

Epmedin C has an effect similar to estrogene and stimulation of osteoblasts. Epmedin C is a natural flavonoid extract from Epimedium sagittatum.

D-(+)-Cellobiose

Topiramate is a selective GluK1 kainate receptors (GluR5) antagonist with IC50 value of 0.46 μM which can act as a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptor-mediated currents, inhibit Nav channels and L-type Ca2+ channels.

Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone is an artificial sweetener derived from citrus.

Notoginsenoside R1, the main bioactive component isolated and purified from the roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.)F.H.Chen, is reported to have some neuronal protective, antihypertensive effects.

Stevioside, a natural product isolated and purified from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, is a safe natural sweetener, has no allergic reactions, suited for both diabetics, and PKU patients, as well as for obese persons intending to lose weight by avoiding sugar supplements in the diet. Stevioside also exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties by inhibiting the release of cytokines and the activation of TLR2 and proteins of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, as well as caspase-3 and Bax. Stevioside and steviol attenuate LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine productions by affecting cytokine gene expression via IκBα/NF-κB signalling pathway.

Saikosaponin A, a natural product isolated and purified from the root of Bupleurum chinense DC., with antioxidant activity, has an inhibitory activity against allergic asthma and an anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB pathways in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, shows the most potent cytotoxicity against human cancer cells, and is an inhibitory for cell growth and DNA synthesis with 50-μg/mL.

Saikosaponin D, a natural product isolated and purified from the herb of Bupleurum chinense DC., is a SERCA inhibitor by inhibiting NF-κB and STAT3 signaling to protect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and a potent inhibitor on acute hepatic injury by CCl4 and a potent cytotoxicity agent for human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and has the antiproliferative effect in A549 cells that may be the induction of p53 and activity of the Fas/FasL apoptotic system.

Ginsenoside Rd is a protopanaxadiol which has diverse in vitro and in vivo effects, including cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory actions.