Stevioside, a natural product isolated and purified from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, is a safe natural sweetener, has no allergic reactions, suited for both diabetics, and PKU patients, as well as for obese persons intending to lose weight by avoiding sugar supplements in the diet. Stevioside also exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties by inhibiting the release of cytokines and the activation of TLR2 and proteins of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, as well as caspase-3 and Bax. Stevioside and steviol attenuate LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine productions by affecting cytokine gene expression via IκBα/NF-κB signalling pathway.

D-Glucuronic acid lactone is an endogenous metabolite.

D-Mannose, a carbohydrate, can participate in glycosylation of proteins and metabolism of the body.

L-Gulono-1,4-lactone is a substrate of L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidoreductase, which catalyzes the last step of the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic (Vatamin) C. In other words, L-Gulono-1,4-lactone is a direct precursor of vitamin C in animals, in plants and in some protists.

Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol and is formed by the reduction of ribose which is occurs naturally in the plant Adonis vernalis.

Turanose is a reducing disaccharide.

L(-)-Sorbose is a ketose sugar that is commonly used in the commercial synthesis of ascorbic acid.

D-arabinose is an endogenous metabolite.

Thyminose is an endogenous metabolite.

Maltose monohydrate is the energy source for bacteria.

Glucosamine HCl is a natural product present in mucopolysaccharides and in polysaccharides found in bacteria, fungi, higher plants.

Helicid (Helicide) is a major constituent of Helicia nilgirica Bedd. Helicid has been used to treat psychoneurosis for its sedative-hypnotic and analgesic properties.