2′-Deoxyinosine can be used as a model compound to study the chemistry of adduct formation and radical chemistry that may affect DNA structures. It is a nucleoside composed of hypoxanthine attached to 2′-deoxyribose via a β-N9-glycosidic bond.

Echinacoside is a naturally occuring caffeic acid glycoside with antiapoptotic effect.

Polyphyllin B is extracted from natural herb Paris polyphylla that can be used in cancer treatment.

Picroside I, a natural product isolated and purified from the roots of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora, possesses the properties of antioxidants,through the activity of superoxide dismutase, metal ion chelators and xanthine oxidase inhibitors.

Arctiin is a suppressor of cyclin D1 protein expression in multiple types of human tumor cells and also shows antiviral activity against influenza A.

Sennoside A, a kind of irritant laxative isolated from rhei rhizome, causes purgative actions in the intestine.

Crocin, a natural product isolated and purified from the stigma of Crocus sativus L., can relax smooth muscles with a great potential to be a candidate for the treatment of asthma, protect liver and skeletal muscle tissue against exercise-induced oxidative damage by preventing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, improve toxic effects of DZN via reducing lipid peroxidation and restoring altered contractile and relaxant responses in rat aorta, protect rat gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced injury via anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic and mucin-secretagogue mechanisms that are probably mediated by enhanced PGE2 release, significantly inhibit the growth of HO-8910 cells and arrest them in the G0/G1 phase, and also promote ovarian cancer HO-8910 cell apoptosis, most likely by increasing p53 and Fas/APO-1 expression, and then activating the apoptotic pathway regulated by Caspase-3.

Pedunculoside, a natural product isolated and purified from the barks of Ilex rotunda Thunb., has antiinflammation, heat-clearing, detoxifying, dehumidification, and odynolysis activities.

Loganin is a naturally occuring iridoid glycoside with antioxidant, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects, as well as a COX-1 inhbitor with IC50 value of 3.55 µM, suppressing the formation of TNF-α, and diminishing the production of nitric oxide.

2,3,4',5-Tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-Glucoside inhibits the formation of 5-HETE, HHT and thromboxane B2, it is a natural product isolated and purified from the roots of Polygonum species.

Gypenoside A is a terpene compound isolated from gynostemma pentaphyllum.

N-acetyl-D-Lactosamine is a disaccharide consisting of galactose and N-acetylglucose. It occurs naturally as a structural element in a variety of glycoconjugates. N-acetyl-D-Lactosamine is used to characterize lectins.