(20S)-Protopanaxatriol, a metabolite of ginsenoside, can modulate endothelial cell functions via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and oestrogen receptor (ER).
(20S)-Protopanaxatriol is a metabolite of ginsenoside, works through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and oestrogen receptor (ER) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and is also a LXRα inhibitor. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol (g-PPT) increases [Ca2+]i with an EC50 of 482 nM in HUVECs[2]. PPT((20S)-Protopanaxatriol) inhibited the LXRα-dependent transcription of lipogenic genes, such as sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl CoA desaturase 1. Furthermore, LXRα-dependent triglyceride accumulation in primary mouse hepatocytes was significantly reduced by PPT[3]. PPT enhanced adipogenesis by increasing the expression of PPARgamma target genes such as aP2, LPL and PEPCK. Furthermore, PPT significantly increased expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). PPT can be developed as a PPARgamma (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) agonist for the improvement of insulin resistance associated with diabetes[4].
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