Polygalacin D, a natural product isolated and purified from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia Willd, can inhibit the expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced iNOS and COX-2 protein and mRNA without an appreciable cytotoxic effect on RAW 264.7 macrophages, suppress induction by LPS of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), exhibit significant inhibition on the proliferation of five kinds of cultured human tumor cell lines, i.

Tenuifolin, a natural product isolated and purified from the root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd., has no inherent toxicity to either the transfected or wild type cells at the effective concentrations, it inhibits amyloid-β secretion in vitro.

Tenuigenin is a natural product from Polygala tenuifolia used in Chinese medicine with antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects involving toxin induced cell models of Parkinson’s disease. Tenuigenin protects against S.aureus-induced pneumonia by inhibiting NF-κB activation.

Euxanthone, a natural product isolated and purified from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia Willd., induces neurite outgrowth which actively regulated by transcription factor E2F-5 via PKC pathway.

Polygalasaponin F, a natural product isolated and purified from the herbs of Polygala japonica Houtt.