Pimobendan is a selective inhibitor of PDE3 with IC50 of 0.32 μM.

Cilostazol is a potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 3 (PDE3) inhibitor with IC50 of 0.2 μM and inhibitor of adenosine uptake.

Milrinone is a phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) inhibitor with IC50 of 56 nM, it increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate resulting in improved ventricular function and vasodilation.

Fenspiride HCl is an antagonist of α-adrenergic receptors and H1 histamine receptors and also inhibits phosphodiesterase 4 and phosphodiesterase 3 activities with logIC50 values of 4.16 and 3.44, respectively.

Luteolin is a non-selective phisphodiesterase PDE inhibitor for PDE1-5 with Kis of 15.0/6.4/13.9/11.1/9.5 μM, respectively, it is a flavonoid found in Terminalia chebula.