Milrinone is a phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) inhibitor with IC50 of 56 nM, it increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate resulting in improved ventricular function and vasodilation.

Luteolin is a non-selective phisphodiesterase PDE inhibitor for PDE1-5 with Kis of 15.0/6.4/13.9/11.1/9.5 μM, respectively, it is a flavonoid found in Terminalia chebula.