Rubiadin, a natural product isolated and purified from the roots of Rubia cordifolia with hepatoprotective effects against carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced hepatic damage in rats and potent antioxidant property, can prevent lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO4 and t-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) in a dose dependent manner, and decrease bone loss through the inhibition of osteoclast formation, differentiation and bone resorption.

8-Prenylnaringenin is a phytoestrogen isolated and purified from the herbs of Humulus lupulus with the highest estrogenic activity, shows slight activity in this assay but significant activity by immunostaining, improves mitochondrial function, whereas a high dose of XN (5 µM) worsens the functionality of this organelle, and has more potent effects on promoting osteoblastic bone formation and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption by ERα instead of ERβ than the two classic phytoestrogens: genistein and daidzein.

Ipriflavone is a synthetic isoflavone derivative used to prevent and treat osteoporosis.

Usnic acid is a furandione found uniquely in lichen that is used widely in cosmetics, deodorants, toothpaste and medicinal creams as well as some herbal products. It exhibits antiviral, antiprotozoal, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity.

Bropirimine is a synthetic agonist for toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7). Bropirimine inhibits differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells into osteoclasts via TLR7-mediated production of IFN-β. Bropirimine is an orally active immunomodulator that has demonstrated anticancer activity in transitional cell carcinoma in situ (CIS) in both the bladder and upper urinary tract.

Emodin-8-beta-D-glucoside, a natural product isolated and purified from the root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum L., functions to protect from focal cerebral injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion and directly stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts.

Evatanepag is an EP2 receptor selective prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) agonist that induces local bone formation with EC50 of 0.3 nM.

Ibandronate sodium is a highly potent nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate used for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Glycitin, a natural isoflavone, could promote the proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts and protect the loss of bone. It can be isolated and purified from legumes.

NDMC101 is a potent osteoclastogenesis inhibitor and inhibits osteoclast differentiation via down-regulation of NFATc1-modulated gene express. NDMC101 is similar to the DPP4 substrate and is a significant inhibitor of early T-cell activation via DPP4 inhibition. NDMC101can be used for study of bone disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and synovial inflammation et al .

Ibandronate sodium is a highly potent nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate used for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Ganoderic acid DM, a natural product isolated and purified from the fruit body of Ganoderma lucida, effectively inhibits cell proliferation and colony formation in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, which is much stronger than that of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and is also an antiandrogenic osteoclastogenesis inhibitor.

Ibandronic acid is a highly potent nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate used for the treatment of osteoporosis.