Ruscogenin, a natural product isolated and purified from the root of Ophiopogon japonicus with significant anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activities, significantly attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI )via inhibiting expressions of TF and iNOS and NF-κB p65 activation, protects the brain against ischemic damage caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) which may be through downregulation of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses, inhibits activation of neutrophil through cPLA 2 , PAK, Akt, MAPKs, cAMP, and PKA signaling pathways, and may attenuate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced steatohepatitis through downregulation of NF- κB-mediated inflammatory responses, reducing hepatic lipogenic gene expression, and upregulating proteins in β-oxidation pathway.

Shionone, a natural product isolated and purified from the flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium, has anti-inflammatory effect, the mechanism is related to decrease the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 protein and IκBα and the protein expression of i NOS, and can inhibit the activity of ubiquitin-specific protease 2 (USP2) and provide a lead compound for future development of USP2 inhibitors.

INF39 is an irreversible NLRP3 inhibitor with IC50 value of ~100 μM for inhibiton of NLRP3 ATPase, which can inhibit IL-1β release, caspase activation and pyroptosis in THP-1 cells.

MCC950 is a potent, selective, small-molecule inhibitor of NLRP3 with IC50 of 7.5 nM in BMDMs.

Glibenclamide impurity A is an inhibitor of the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiomyocytes.

OLT1177, a β-sulfonyl nitrile molecule, is a selective inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome, with unique properties to reverse the metabolic costs of inflammation and to treat IL-1β– and IL-18–mediated diseases.

GSK717 is a potent, selective NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2) inhibitor. GSK717 inhibits muramyl dipeptide (MDP)-induced NOD2-mediated signaling, with an IC50 of 400 nM for MDP-stimulated IL-8 secretion in HEK293/hNOD2 cells .

MCC950 Sodium is a potent and highly specific small molecule inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome with IC50 of 7.5 nM in BMDMs.