Gum Arabic is a natural gum consisting of the hardened sap of various species of the acacia tree. It is widely used in biological research, also can be used as a safe dietary fiberas and stabilizer in the food industry.

Ethylparaben, a natural product isolated and purified from the male melon fly Dacus cucurbitae, is the ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, used as an antifungal preservative.

Aspartame is an artificial non-saccharide sweetener used as a sugar substitute in some foods and beverages. It is a methyl ester of the aspartic acid/phenylalanine dipeptide.

γ-Cyclodextrin is an endogenous metabolite.

Methyl-β-cyclodextrin is a randomly methylated form of the cyclic oligosaccharide β-cyclodextrin, with improvement on the aqueous solubility of various compounds.

Propylparaben, the n-propyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, occurs as a natural substance found in many plants and some insects

Hypromellose is a water-soluble hydrophilic, non-ionic cellulose ether used to form swellable-soluble matrices.

Colfosceril palmitate is a drug used as a pulmonary surfactant. It is also a key conponent of LNP as an effective delivery vehicle of mRNA.

β-Cyclodextrin is a cyclic polysaccharide composed of seven units of glucose (α-D-glucopyranose) linked by α-(1,4) type bonds. β-Cyclodextrin has often been used to enhance the solubility of drugs. β-Cyclodextrin has anti-influenza virus H1N1 activities.

Acesulfame potassium is a non-nutritive sweetener.

Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals, and its importance in fundamental cellular processes is becoming more appreciated.

an activator of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) signaling pathway