Lithium directly inhibits GSK3 by competitive binding for magnesium (Mg2+), disrupting the catalytic functioning of GSK3. Lithium also indirectly inhibits GSK3 by increasing serine phosphorylation, through P13K-mediated phosphorylation/activation of Akt.

PMSF is a non-selective serine/cysteine protease inhibitor, also blocks anandamide metabolism.

Pepstatin A is a potent and specific aspartic protease inhibitor, also inhibits HIV replication.

E-64 is a potent irreversible inhibitor against general cysteine proteases with IC50 of 9 nM for papain.

DTE is a sulfur containing sugar derived from the corresponding 4-carbon monosaccharide erythrose and is an epimer of dithiothreitol (DTT).

Imidazole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. It can be incorporated into many important biological molecules and acts as a corrosion inhibitor for industrial applications.

D-Sorbitol is a naturally occuring sweetner.

L-(+)-Arabinose is a natural pentose sugar with inhibitory effect on sucrase. It can decrease lipogenesis in rat models.

Sucrose is a disaccharide without rotation. It is easily hydrolyzed to D-glucose and D-fructose.

L-Arginine is the nitrogen donor for synthesis of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator that is deficient during times of sickle cell crisis.

Leupeptin Hemisulfate is a reversible serine/cysteine protease inhibitor, inhibits cathepsins B, H, L, and S, calpain, and trypsin.